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Russian famine of 1601–03
The Russian famine of 1601–1603 was Russia's worst famine in terms of proportional effect on the population, killing perhaps two million people, a third of Russian people, during the Time of Troubles, when the country was unsettled politically and later invaded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The many deaths contributed to social disruption and helped bring about the downfall of Boris Godunov, elected as tsar during the interregnum. The famine was part of worldwide record cold winters and crop disruption, which in 2008 geologists linked to the volcanic eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru.
== Causes ==
A 2008 study by Kenneth L. Verosub and Jake Lippman documents worldwide famine after the eruption of a volcano in Peru in 1600. ''Huaynaputina'' ejected 16 million to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, notably sulfur dioxide, forming sulfuric acid and creating a volcanic winter; this reduced the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface (see ''Albedo''), which scientists believe contributed to bitterly cold winters, loss of crops and animals, and massive famine around the world. As a result people killed many animals with their bare hands to preserve their furs for warmth.〔("1600 Eruption Caused Global Disruption" ), ''Geology Times'', 25 Apr 2008, accessed 13 Nov 2010〕〔(Andrea Thompson, "Volcano in 1600 caused global disruption" ), MSNBC.com, 5 May 2008, accessed 13 Nov 2010〕〔("The 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru caused global disruption" ), ''Science Centric''〕
The famine was documented across the world: "Records from Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia record exceptionally cold winters in 1600–1602; in France, the 1601 wine harvest was late, and wine production collapsed in Germany and Colonial Peru. In China, peach trees bloomed late, and Lake Suwa in Japan had one of its earliest freezing dates in 500 years."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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